...Glycine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, especially in the spinal cord, brainstem, and retina...   Continued Below

Glycine from 'House Of Nutrition' The Quality Of Country Life

Country Life's Biochem Glycine 500mg W/B-6 100Tabs The Best Current Available Price ! Find Out Here Glycine is a non-essential amino acid and has the simplest structure of all amino acids, allowing it to fit easily within protein chains and make space for structurally larger amino acids. This feature makes it very important for specific bodily function...

Quality L-Glycine from Now Foods

Now's L-Glycine Free Form Vegetarian 1Lb The Best Current Available Price ! Find Out Here Glycine is a non-essential amino acid and has the simplest structure of all amino acids, allowing it to fit easily within protein chains and make space for structurally larger amino acids. This feature makes it very important for specific bodily function. NOW; L-Glycine Powder is a 100% pure, non-essential, pharmaceutical grade amino acid...

Quality Glycine from Solgar

Solgar's Glycine 500mg 100Vcaps The Best Current Available Price ! Find Out Here Glycine is a non-essential amino acid and has the simplest structure of all amino acids, allowing it to fit easily within protein chains and make space for structurally larger amino acids. This feature makes it very important for specific bodily function...

And Source Naturals

Source Naturals Glycine 1gm 100Caps The Best Current Available Price ! Find Out Here Glycine. 500 mg. Glycine is a non-essential amino acid that has one of the simplest structures of all the amino acids. Glycine is found in proteins of all life forms, and is important in the synthesis of proteins as well as adenosine triphosphate (ATP)...

Source Naturals Glycine 1gm 200Caps The Best Current Available Price ! Find Out Here Glycine is a non-essential amino acid and has the simplest structure of all amino acids, allowing it to fit easily within protein chains and make space for structurally larger amino acids. This feature makes it very important for specific bodily function...

Back To Top

Glycine

Glycine (abbreviated as Gly or G) is the organic compound with the formula NH2CH2COOH.

It is the smallest of the 20 amino acids commonly found in proteins, coded by codons GGU, GGC, GGA and GGG.

Glycine is unique among the proteinogenic amino acids in that it is not chiral.

Most proteins contain only small quantities of glycine.

A notable exception is collagen, which contains about 35% glycine.

In its solid, i.e., crystallized, form, glycine is a free-flowing, sweet-tasting crystalline material.

Back To Top

Biosynthesis

Glycine is not essential to the human diet, since it is biosynthesized in the body from the amino acid serine, which is in turn derived from 3-phosphoglycerate.

In most organisms, the enzyme Serine hydroxymethyltransferase catalyses this transformation by removing one carbon atom; pyridoxal phosphate is also necessary:

Serine + tetrahydrofolate → Glycine + N5,N10-Methylene tetrahydrofolate + H2O

In the liver of vertebrates, glycine synthesis is catalyzed by glycine synthase (also called glycine cleavage enzyme).

This conversion is readily reversible:

CO2 + NH4+ + N5,N10-Methylene tetrahydrofolate + NADH + H+ → Glycine + tetrahydrofolate + NAD+

Back To Top

Degradation

Glycine is degraded via three pathways.

The predominant pathway in animals involves the catalysis of glycine cleavage enzyme, the same enzyme also involved in the biosynthesis of glycine.

The degradation pathway is the reverse of this synthetic pathway:

Glycine + tetrahydrofolate + NAD+ → CO2 + NH4+ + N5,N10-Methylene tetrahydrofolate + NADH + H+

In the second pathway, glycine is degraded in two steps.

The first step is the reverse of glycine biosynthesis from serine with serine hydroxymethyl transferase.

Serine is then converted to pyruvate by serine dehydratase.

_____________________

In the third pathway of glycine degradation, glycine is converted to glyoxylate by D-amino acid oxidase.

Glycoxylate is then oxidized by hepatic lactate dehydrogenase to oxalate in an NAD+-dependent reaction.

Physiological function

As a biosynthetic intermediate

Glycine is a building block to numerous natural products. In higher eukaryotes, D-Aminolevulinic acid, the key precursor to porphyrins, is biosynthesized from glycine and succinyl-CoA.

Glycine provides the central C2N subunit of all purines.

Back To Top

As a neurotransmitter

Glycine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, especially in the spinal cord, brainstem, and retina.

When glycine receptors are activated, chloride enters the neuron via ionotropic receptors, causing an Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP).

Strychnine is a strong antagonist at ionotropic glycine receptors, whereas bicuculline is a weak one.

Glycine is a required co-agonist along with glutamate for NMDA receptors.

In contrast to the inhibitory role of glycine in the spinal cord, this behaviour is facilitated at the (NMDA) glutaminergic receptors which are excitatory.

The LD50 of glycine is 7930 mg/kg in rats (oral), and it usually causes death by hyperexcitability.

Back To Top

As a potential antipsychotic

Dr. Daniel Javitt a clinical researcher had studied people who were addicted to PCP ("angel dust") and Ketamine ("special K") (Javitt, DC, Negative Schizophrenic Symptomatology and the Phencyclydine (PCP) Model of Schizophrenia, Hillside Journal of Psychiatry 1987 9:12-35.

Their brains had been damaged by the use of this drug.

In studies, it was found that their glutamate receptors had been damaged.

Since use of PCP and ketamine creates psychosis similar to schizophrenia, it was hypothesized that giving glycine to people with schizophrenia would potentially reduce their psychotic symptoms.

In a controlled study people with schizophrenia who were given glycine had their symptoms reduced in a measurable sense, primarily in the area of negative and cognitive symptoms when used as an adjunct to current antipsychotics.

There have been some psychiatrists who have used it out of study as a primary antipsychotic with benefits on positive as well as negative and cognitive symptoms.

Glycine's primary drawback is its required use in powdered format.

However, as an NMDA receptor modulator, it is part of a class of antipsychotics in study that do not cause tardive dyskinesia or diabetes, the current long term side effects of dopaminergic antipsychotics as well as not creating extrapyramidal side effects (movement disorders), weight gain or sedation.

These medications along with other new classes of medications in study may eventually replace the current antipsychotics which, from Thorazine to Abilify, have all been based on the dopamine hypothesis and in depleting the levels of dopamine create tardive dykinesia and other Parkinsonian movement disorders and potentially tardive psychosis which is still in study.

Glycine, is part of a promising new class of treatment for schizophrenia that may promote a full recovery without debilitating physical side effects.

Research continues on glycine and other NMDA receptors modulates, which are currently in Phase II FDA Study.

Although other NMDA receptor modulates in study have shown promise as primary antipsychotics, in the specific controlled studies glycine is used as an adjunct antipsychotic and although available should only be taken under the supervision of a psychiatrist.

Back To Top

Presence in the interstellar medium

In 1994 a team of astronomers at the University of Illinois, led by Lewis Snyder, claimed that they had found the glycine molecule in space. It turned out that, with further analysis, this claim could not be confirmed.

Nine years later, in 2003, Yi-Jehng Kuan from National Taiwan Normal University and Steve Charnley claimed that they detected interstellar glycine toward three sources in the interstellar medium.

They claimed to have identified 27 spectral lines of glycine utilizing a radio telescope.

According to computer simulations and lab-based experiments, glycine was probably formed when ices containing simple organic molecules were exposed to ultraviolet light.

___________________________

In October 2004, Snyder and collaborators reinvestigated the glycine claim in Kuan et al. (2003).

In a rigorous attempt to confirm the detection, Snyder showed that glycine was not detected in any of the three claimed sources.

___________________________

In 2008, the glycine like molecule amino acetonitrile was discovered in the Large Molecule Heimat, a giant gas cloud near the galactic center in the constellation Sagittarius by the Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy.

___________________________

Should the glycine claim be substantiated, the finding would not prove that life exists outside the Earth, but certainly makes that possibility more plausible by showing that amino acids can be formed in the interstellar medium. *

Glycine
IUPAC name	Glycine 2-Aminoacetic acid
Other names	Aminoethanoic acid
Identifiers
Abbreviations	Gly, G
CAS number	56-40-6
PubChem	750
SMILES	NCC(O)=O
ChemSpider ID	730
Properties
Molecular formula	C2H5NO2
Molar mass	75.07 g mol−1
Density	1.1607 g/cm3
Melting point	233 °C (decomposition)
Solubility in water	25 g/100 mL
Supplementary data page
Structure and properties	n, εr, etc.
Thermodynamic data	Phase behaviour Solid, liquid, gas
Spectral data	UV, IR, NMR, MS
Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) Infobox references

*

Back To Top

Read the complete Article in Wikipedia, Feb 25, 2009

* Glycine. (2009, February 10). In Wikipedia,

The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 07:54, February 25, 2009, from

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=

Glycine&oldid=269811115

_______________________

Read the complete Article in Wikipedia June 13, 2011

** Glycine. (2011, May 15). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia.

Retrieved 01:23, June 13, 2011, from

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=

Glycine&oldid=429214074

_______________________

______________________

Please enjoy the information...More Products Coming Soon

_______________________

Reiki

Supplements      Vitamins and Minerals
Homeopathy                                   Ayurvedic 

________________________

See references for complete information including notes, comments,

complete symptoms, sources, concerns and cautions.

_______________________

Disclaimer :

In accordance with FDA regulation, we do not make any therapeutic claims for any Dietary Supplements in accordance with the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act.

Information on this website is provided for informational purposes only and is not intended as a substitute for the advice provided by your physicians, health care professional or other professional. You should not use the information on this website for diagnosing or treating any health problem, symptom or disease, prescribing any medication or other treatment, or in place of any other professional advice. This information is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any diseases. You should consult with a healthcare professional before starting any diet, exercise or supplementation program, before taking any medication, or if you have or suspect you might have a health problem. Your discretion is advised.

Copyright © 2007

________________________

Back To Top