Lysine

Lysine  Lysine is a necessary building block for all protein in the body, plays a major role in calcium absorption; recovering from surgery or sports injuries; and the body's production of hormones, enzymes, and antibodies....  Continued Below

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L-Lysine is best utilized when taken on an empty stomach with juice or water. Do not take with arginine supplements...

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Lysine is an essential amino acid, (Essential amino acids cannot be made in the body and must be supplied by the diet or supplements) important for the absorption of calcium, the formation of collagen (contained in cartilage, connective tissue, skin, hair and bone), and the production of bone tissue. Free form amino acid, high purity, well tolerated...

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Lysine is an essential amino acid, needed for growth and to help maintain nitrogen balance in the body. (Essential amino acids cannot be made in the body and must be supplied by the diet or supplements.) It may help promote proper nitrogen balance in the body and prevent glycosylation, the combining of a sugar and protein molecule accelerated by elevated levels of sugar in the blood. Lysine appears to help the body absorb and conserve calcium. Lysine has many functions in the body because it is incorporated into many proteins, which are used by the body for a variety of purposes. Most people, including vegans (vegetarians who also avoid dairy and eggs), consume adequate amounts of lysine. However, vegans whose diets contain large amounts of grains and only minimal amounts of beans could become deficient in lysine. Athletes involved in frequent vigorous exercise have increased need for essential amino acids, although most diets meet these increased needs. The essential amino acid requirements of burn patients may exceed the amount of lysine in the diet. Most people do not require lysine supplementation. Doctors often suggest that people with recurrent herpes simplex infections take 1000–3000 mg of lysine per day. Lysine supplementation increases the absorption of calcium and may reduce its excretion. As a result; some researchers believe that lysine may eventually be shown to have a role in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Lysine works with other essential amino acids to maintain growth, lean body mass, and the body’s store of nitrogen.

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L-lysine is an ‘essential amino acid’ — that is, it is needed by the human body but not made there, and must be obtained from food or supplements. A male adult typically requires about 37 mg of L-lysine per day per kilogram of bodyweight1 — about 2.7 grams/day for someone weighing 73 kg (160 lbs). This is the amount needed to avoid lysine-deficiency ailments in a healthy person. More ambitious goals — beyond the mere avoidance of overt deficiencies — may require larger amounts than 37 mg/kg/day. What we can’t tell you In the U.S. and some other industrialized countries, government agencies like the U.S. Food and Drug Administration have adopted censorship as a method for intensifying their control over the supplement industry and its customers. Thus, FDA regulations prohibit us from telling you that any of our products are effective as medical treatments, even if they are, in fact, effective. Accordingly, we will limit our discussion of L-lysine to a brief summary of recent lysine research, and let you draw your own conclusions about what medical conditions it may be effective in treating. L-lysine’s popularity as a nutritional supplement stems from studies suggesting that this amino acid decreases the recurrence rate of people infected with herpes simplex virus. There is also published research suggesting that it is active against osteoporosis, anxiety, and insulin deficiency, and that it is useful in increasing growth hormone levels, and increasing muscle strength. Let’s now examine the evidence for each of these effects. Herpes viruses: Several clinical trials conducted in the 1980s showed that lysine supplementation at about 1000 mg three times per day reduced the frequency of herpes outbreaks and decreased the severity of symptoms associated with recurrences. Lower doses, down to about 1000 mg once per day, showed a lesser but measurable benefit. Other studies have shown that the herpes virus responds differently to different concentrations of the amino acids lysine and arginine. When the ratio of L-lysine to L-arginine is high, viral replication and the cytopathogenicity of herpes simplex virus have been found to be inhibited. This implies that to inhibit the herpes virus, arginine levels should be kept low. Growth hormone (GH) and muscle strength Dual amino-acid supplementation with L-lysine and L-arginine increases growth hormone levels without the need for large doses of either supplement. Studies using 1200-1500 mg of each supplement showed that significant increases in GH levels take place in the blood from 30 to 90 minutes after consumption. It appears that the best time to take arginine+lysine is when one is resting — not when one is about to exercise. Exercise itself causes growth hormone levels to rise, and the supplements do not push GH levels much higher than this...

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Lysine is important for the absorption of calcium, the formation of collagen (contained in cartilage, connective tissue, skin, hair and bone), and the production of bone tissue...

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Lysine

According to animal studies, lysine deficiency causes immunodeficiency.[36]

One cause of relative lysine deficiency is cystinuria, where there is impaired hepatic resorption of basic, or positively charged amino acids, including lysine.

The accompanying urinary cysteine results because the same deficient amino acid transporter is normally present in the kidney as well.

Limited studies suggest that a high-lysine diet or L-lysine monochloride supplements may have a moderating effect on blood pressure and the incidence of stroke.[37]

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Lysine

From an article in Wikipedia Mar 5, 2009

Lysine (abbreviated as Lys or K) is an α-amino acid with the chemical formula HO2CCH(NH2)(CH2)4NH2.

This amino acid is an essential amino acid, which means that humans cannot synthesize it.

Its codons are AAA and AAG.

Dietary sources

The human nutritional requirement is 1–1.5 g daily.

It is the limiting amino acid (the essential amino acid found in the smallest quantity in the particular foodstuff) in all cereal grains, but is plentiful in all pulses (legumes).

Plants that contain significant amounts of lysine include:

1. Buffalo Gourd (10,130–33,000 ppm) in seed
2. Berro, Watercress (1,340–26,800 ppm) in herb.
3. Soybean (24,290–26,560 ppm) in seed.
4. Carob, Locust Bean, St.John's-Bread (26,320 ppm) in seed;
5. Common Bean (Black Bean, Dwarf Bean, Field Bean, Flageolet Bean, French Bean, Garden Bean, Green Bean, Haricot, Haricot Bean, Haricot Vert, Kidney Bean, Navy Bean, Pop Bean, Popping Bean, Snap Bean, String Bean, Wax Bean) (2,390–25,700 ppm) in sprout seedling;
6. Ben Nut, Benzolive Tree, Jacinto (Sp.), Moringa (aka Drumstick Tree, Horseradish Tree, Ben Oil Tree), West Indian Ben (5,370–25,165 ppm) in shoot.
7. Lentil (7,120–23,735 ppm) in sprout seedling.
8. Asparagus Pea, Winged Bean (aka Goa Bean) (21,360–23,304 ppm) in seed.
9. Fat Hen (3,540–22,550 ppm) in seed.
10. Lentil (19,570–22,035 ppm) in seed.
11. White Lupin (19,330–21,585 ppm) in seed.
12. Black Caraway, Black Cumin, Fennel-Flower, Nutmeg-Flower, Roman Coriander (16,200–20,700 ppm) in seed.
13. Spinach (1,740–20,664 ppm)
14. Amaranth, Quinoa
15. Kasha

Food Sources

Good sources of lysine are foods rich in protein including meat (specifically red meat, lamb, pork, and poultry), cheese (particularly Parmesan), certain fish (such as cod and sardines), and eggs.

Modifications

Lysine can be modified through acetylation, methylation, ubiquitination, sumoylation, neddylation, biotinylation and carboxylation which tends to modify the function of the protein of which the modified lysine residue(s) are a part.

There are Lysine conjugates that show promise in the treatment of cancer, by causing cancerous cells to destroy themselves when the drug is combined with the use of phototherapy, while leaving non-cancerous cells unharmed.

In popular culture

The 1993 film Jurassic Park, which is based on the 1990 Michael Crichton novel Jurassic Park, features dinosaurs that were genetically altered so they could not produce lysine.

This was supposed to prevent the cloned dinosaurs from leaving the park, forcing them to depend on lysine supplements provided by the park's veterinary staff.

Most vertebrates cannot produce lysine by default (it is an essential amino acid).

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Dr. Linus Pauling believed people with existing atherosclerotic plaque can benefit from vitamin c and the amino acid lysine.

Pauling filmed a video lecture in which he recommended that heart patients take between 2,000 and 6,000 mg of lysine daily with their vitamin C (more if serum Lp(a) is elevated). *

* Read the article in Wikipedia with references and links June 7, 2010

** Read a more current article in Wikipedia with references and links May 18, 2012

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