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From The Article In Wikipedia Feb11 2009

Phenylalanine (abbreviated as Phe or F) is an α-amino acid with the formula HO2CCH(NH2)CH2C6H5, which is found naturally in the breast milk of mammals and manufactured for food and drink products and are also sold as nutritional supplements for their reputed analgesic and antidepressant effects.

Phenylalanine is structurally closely related to dopamine, epinepherine (adrenaline) and tyrosine.

This essential amino acid is classified as nonpolar because of the hydrophobic nature of the benzyl side chain.

The codons for L-phenylalanine are UUU and UUC.

It is a white, powdery solid. L-Phenylalanine (LPA) is an electrically-neutral amino acid, one of the twenty common amino acids used to biochemically form proteins, coded for by DNA.

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The most important consideration for the layman is to know that Phenylalanine has a laxative effect, it also gives you gas for extended periods.

It is used in chewing gum such as Wrigleys Extra Fusion - a warning is displayed on the packet in very small text.

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Other biological roles

L-phenylalanine can also be converted into L-tyrosine, another one of the DNA-encoded amino acids.

L-tyrosine in turn is converted into L-DOPA, which is further converted into dopamine, norepinephrine (noradrenaline), and epinephrine (adrenaline).

The latter three are known as the catecholamines.

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Phenylalanine uses the same active transport channel as tryptophan to cross the blood-brain barrier, and, in large quantities, interferes with the production of serotonin.

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Lignan is derived from phenylalanine and from tyrosine. Phenylalanine is converted to cinnamic acid by the enzyme phenylalanine ammonia lyase.

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Phenylketonuria

The genetic disorder phenylketonuria (PKU) is the inability to metabolize phenylalanine.

Individuals with this disorder are known as "phenylketonurics" and must abstain from consumption of too much phenylalanine.

This dietary restriction also applies to pregnant women with hyperphenylalanine (high levels of phenylalanine in blood) because they do not properly metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine.

Persons suffering from PKU must monitor their intake of protein to control the buildup of phenylalanine as their bodies convert protein into its component amino acids.

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A non food source of phenylalanine is the artificial sweetener aspartame.

This compound, sold under the trade names "Equal" and "NutraSweet", is metabolized by the body into several chemical byproducts including phenylalanine.

The breakdown problems phenylketonurics have with protein and the attendant build up of phenylalanine in the body also occurs with the ingestion of aspartame, although to a lesser degree.

Accordingly, all products in Australia, the U.S. and Canada that contain aspartame must be labeled: "Phenylketonurics: Contains phenylalanine."

In the UK, foods containing aspartame must carry ingredients panels that refer to the presence of "aspartame or E951" and they must be labeled with a warning "Contains a source of phenylalanine."

These warnings are specifically placed to aid individuals who suffer from PKU so that they can avoid such foods.

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In Non-Humans

Geneticists have recently sequenced the genome of macaques.

Their investigations have found "some instances where the normal form of the macaque protein looks like the diseased human protein" including markers for PKU.

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D- and DL-phenylalanine

The unnatural stereoisomer D-phenylalanine (DPA) can be produced by conventional organic synthesis, either as a single enantiomer or as a component of the racemic mixture.

It does not participate in protein biosynthesis although it is found in proteins in small amounts - particularly aged proteins and food proteins that have been processed.

The biological functions of D-amino acids remain unclear although some, such as D-phenylalanine, may have pharmacological activity.

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DL-Phenylalanine (DLPA) is marketed as a nutritional supplement for its supposed analgesic and antidepressant activities.

The reputed analgesic activity of DL-phenylalanine may be explained by the possible blockage by D-phenylalanine of enkephalin degradation by the enzyme carboxypeptidase A.

The mechanism of DL-phenylalanine's supposed antidepressant activity may be accounted for by the precursor role of L-phenylalanine in the synthesis of the neurotransmitters, norepinephrine and dopamine.

Elevated brain levels of norepinephrine and dopamine are thought to have an antidepressant effect.

Following ingestion, D-Phenylalanine is absorbed from the small intestine and transported to the liver via the portal circulation.

A small amount of D-phenylalanine appears to be converted to L-phenylalanine.

D-Phenylalanine is distributed to the various tissues of the body via the systemic circulation.

It appears to cross the blood-brain barrier less efficiently than L-phenylalanine, and so a small amount of an ingested dose of D-phenylalanine is not absorbed but excreted in the urine.

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History

The genetic codon for phenylalanine was first discovered by J. Heinrich Matthaei and Marshall W. Nirenberg in 1961.

They showed that by using m-RNA to insert multiple uracil repeats into the bacterium E. coli, the bacterium produced a new protein consisting solely of repeated phenylalanine amino acids.

This discovery lead to the determination of the relationship between RNA and amino acids, which was foundational to the understanding of the Genetic Code.

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Phenylalanine is contained in many foodstuffs and byproducts.

Many products are advertised as containing this ingredient including the soft drink 'lilt', 'Diet 7-Up', 'Tango', '5-Hour Energy', 'Caffeine Free Diet Pepsi', 'Stride' Gum, 'Red Bull Sugar free', 'Fisherman's Friend', 'Diet Coca-Cola' and others.

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Phenylalanine
IUPAC name	2-Amino-3-phenyl-propanoic acid
Identifiers
CAS number	150-30-1 (DL), 63-91-2 (L)
PubChem	994
SMILES	C1=CC=C(C=C1)CC(C(=O)O)N
ChemSpider ID	5910
Properties
Molecular formula	C9H11NO2
Molar mass	165.19 g mol−1
Supplementary data page
Structure and properties	n, εr, etc.
Thermodynamic data	Phase behaviour Solid, liquid, gas
Spectral data	UV, IR, NMR, MS
Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) Infobox references

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Phenylalanine

Sources

Since it is not produced by the human body, phenylalanine is obtained through the diet.

Some foods rich in phenylalanine include:

Asparagus Beef Cottage cheese Chicken Chickpeas (garbanzo beans) Cowpeas (raw) Egg (yolk, white or whole) Fish Flax seed Hummus Lentils (dry and whole) Meats

Milk (sheep, goat, mother's milk) Pork Poultry Peanuts (roasted with skins) Salmon Seafood Sesame seeds Shrimp Soybeans (raw) Soy milk Walnuts

Phenylalanine may also be obtained through supplements. *

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Read the entire article in Wikipedia

* Phenylalanine. (2009, February 12). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia.

Retrieved 15:12, February 12, 2009, from

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=

Phenylalanine&oldid=270187219

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Read the complete artricle oin Wikipedia June 18 2011

** Phenylalanine. (2011, June 13). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia.

Retrieved 04:39, June 18, 2011, from

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=

Phenylalanine&oldid=434141895

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Deficiency

A phenylalanine deficiency may occur when sufficient amounts are not given to the body.

Some symptoms may include:

1. Apathy
2. Confusion
3. Decreased alertness
4. Lack of energy
5. Loss of muscle
6. Lowered appetite
7. Memory troubles
8. Stunted growth
9. Weakness

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