...Serine (abbreviated as Ser or S) is an organic compound with the formula HO2CCH(NH2)CH2OH.....   Continued Below

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Serine

Serine (abbreviated as Ser or S) is an organic compound with the formula HO2CCH(NH2)CH2OH.

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Function

Metabolic

Serine is important in metabolism in that it participates in the biosynthesis of purines and pyrimidines.

It is also the precursor to several amino acids, including glycine, cysteine, and, in bacteria, tryptophan.

It is also the precursor to numerous of other metabolites, including sphingolipids.

Serine is also a precursor to folate, which is the principal donor of one carbon fragments in biosynthesis.

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Structural role

Serine plays an important role in the catalytic function of many enzymes.

It has been shown to occur in the active sites of chymotrypsin, trypsin, and many other enzymes.

The so-called nerve gases and many substances used in insecticides have been shown to act by combining with a residue of serine in the active site of acetylcholine esterase, inhibiting the enzyme completely.

The unmetabolized acetylcholine cannot be recycled into the nerve for signaling.

This results in depletion of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction, resulting in the inability to control muscles, which results in asphyxiation, and death.

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As a constituent (residue) of proteins, its side chain can undergo O-linked glycosylation, which may be functionally related to diabetes.

It is one of three amino acid residues that are commonly phosphorylated by kinases during cell signaling in eukaryotes.

Phosphorylated serine residues are often referred to as phosphoserine.

Serine proteases are a common type of protease.

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Signaling

D-serine, synthesized by serine racemase from L-serine, serves as a neuronal signal by activating NMDA receptors in the brain.

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Occurrence

It is one of the 20 naturally occurring proteinogenic amino acids.

Its codons are UCU, UCC, UCA, UCG, AGU and AGC.

Only the L-stereoisomer appears naturally in proteins.

It is not essential to the human diet, since it is synthesized in the body from other metabolites, including glycine.

Serine was first obtained from silk protein, a particularly rich source, in 1865.

Its name is derived from the Latin for silk, sericum.

Serine's structure was established in 1902.

By virtue of the hydroxyl group, serine is classified as a polar amino acid.

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Biosynthesis

The biosynthesis of serine starts with the oxidation of 3-phosphoglycerate to 3-phosphohydroxypyruvate and NADH.

Reductive amination of this ketone followed by hydrolysis gives serine.

Serine hydroxymethyltransferase catalyzes the reversible, simultaneous conversions of L-serine to glycine (retro-aldol cleavage) and 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate to 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate (hydrolysis).

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Chemical synthesis

Racemic serine can be prepared from methyl acrylate via several steps.

It is also naturally produced when UV light illuminates simple ices such as a combination of water, methanol, hydrogen cyanide, and ammonia, suggesting that it may be easily produced in cold regions of space.

Serine
IUPAC name	Serine
Other names 2-Amino-3-hydroxypropionic acid
Identifiers
CAS number	56-45-1
PubChem	617
ChemSpider	5736 (L-form) , 597
UNII	452VLY9402
EC-number	206-130-6
ChEMBL	CHEMBL11298
IUPHAR ligand	726
Jmol-3D images	Image 1
SMILES C([C@@H](C(=O)O)N)O
InChI InChI=1S/C3H7NO3/c4-2(1-5)3(6)7/h2,5H,1,4H2,(H,6,7)/t2-/m0/s1  Key: MTCFGRXMJLQNBG-REOHCLBHSA-N  InChI=1/C3H7NO3/c4-2(1-5)3(6)7/h2,5H,1,4H2,(H,6,7)
Properties
Molecular formula	C3H7NO3
Molar mass	105.09 g mol−1
Appearance	white crystals or powder
Density	1.603 g/cm3 (22 ºC)
Melting point	246 ºC decomp.
Solubility in water	soluble
Acidity (pKa)	2.21 (carboxyl), 9.15
Supplementary data page
Structure and properties	n, εr, etc.
Thermodynamic data	Phase behaviour Solid, liquid, gas
Spectral data	UV, IR, NMR, MS
Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) Infobox references

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Read The complete Article in Wikipedia, Mar 6, 2009

* Serine. (2009, March 1). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia.

Retrieved 15:27, March 6, 2009, from

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=

Serine&oldid=274241192

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Read The complete Article in Wikipedia June 19 2011

** Serine. (2011, June 13). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia.

Retrieved 19:04, June 19, 2011, from

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=

Serine&oldid=434084243

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