(abbreviated as Trp or W) is one of the 20 standard amino acids, as well as an essential amino acid in the human diet...a routine constituent of most protein-based foods or dietary proteins....   Continued Below

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BlueBonnet's L-Tryptophan 500mg 50Vcaps   The Best Current Available Price ! Find Out Here L-Tryptophan 500 mg Vcaps Description: Free Form Amino Acid - Dietary Supplement - Vegetarian - Kosher Parve Bluebonnet's Pharmaceutical-Grade L-Tryptophan 500 mg Vcaps provide a highly pure, vegetarian source of free-form L-tryptophan called TryptoPure™ from Ajinomoto, the global leader in the production of pure, pharmaceutical- grade free-form amino acids in easy-to-swallow vegetable capsules for maximum assimilation and absorption. Supplement Facts: Serving Size: 1 Capsule. L-Tryptophan (free-form) 500 mg Other Ingredients: 100% Kosher vegetable capsules, vegetable cellulose, vegetable magnesium stearate. Free of: milk, egg, fish, crustacean shellfish, tree nuts, peanuts, wheat and soybeans. Also free of yeast, gluten, barley, rice, sodium and sugar. Directions: As a dietary supplement, take one capsule daily or as directed by a healthcare practitioner.

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Jarrow's L-Tryptophan 500mg 60Vcaps   The Best Current Available Price ! Find Out Here   L-Tryptophan Description: L-tryptophan is an essential amino acid and hence cannot be synthesized by the body, but must be obtained from food or supplements. Because L-tryptophan is converted to serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) and melatonin in the body, it plays an important role in promoting relaxation, restful sleep and positive mood. L-tryptophan may also help in reducing carbohydrate cravings.* Jarrow FORMULAS® L-Tryptophan TryptoPure™ is manufactured at a GMP facility via fermentation from vegetable materials. Other Ingredients: Cellulose, magnesium stearate (vegetable source) and silicon dioxide. Vegetarian capsule consists of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose.No wheat, no gluten, no soybeans, no dairy, no egg, no fish/shellfish, no peanuts/tree nuts, no corn. Directions: Take 1 capsule on an empty stomach 30 minutes before sleep with water or fruit juice, or as directed by your qualified health care consultant. Notes: Suitable for vegetarians/vegans Warnings: DO NOT take this product if you are on any medications, especially, antidepressants, or if you are pregnant or breastfeeding, consult your qualified health care professional. DO NOT take this product if you are taking any SSRI's (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors).

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Life Extension's TryptoPure L-Tryptophan 500mg 90Vcaps   The Best Current Available Price ! Find Out Here Description: For Longer Life USP Pharmaceutical-Grade L-Tryptophan Dietary Supplement. Suggested Use: Read the entire label and follow the directions carefully prior to use. Take one (1) capsule 1-3 times daily or as recommended by a healthcare practitioner. For maximum absorption, take with 6-8 oz. of water or a small amount of carbohydrate such as diluted juice. Take separately from food or supplements containing protein or amino acids. Vitamin B6 is an essential cofactor in the conversion of L-tryptophan to serotonin in the body, while niacinamide plays an important role in enabling the body to properly utilize amino acids like tryptophan. Therefore, those taking L-tryptophan may find optimal results by consuming a B-complex supplement during the day that provides at least 50 mg of niacinamide and 50 mg of vitamin B6. Supplement Facts Supplement Facts: Serving Size: 1 Vegetarian Capsule. Amount Per Serving % DV TryptoPure L-Tryptophan (100% pure USP pharmaceutical-grade L-tryptophan) 500 mg ** ** Daily Value not established. Other Ingredients: Vegetable cellulose (capsule). This product contains no milk, egg, fish, peanuts, crustacean shellfish (lobster, crab, shrimp), soybeans, tree nuts, wheat, yeast, gluten, corn or rice. Contains no sugar and no artificial sweeteners, flavors, colors or preservatives. Warnings Store tightly closed in a cool, dry place. Serotonin syndrome is characterized by high levels of serotonin and symptoms like confusion, sweating, agitation, nausea, involuntary muscle contractions and racing heartbeat. Do not take L-tryptophan if you experience these symptoms. Do not take L-tryptophan in combination with other agents that increase serotonin levels in the central nervous system. Agents that increase serotonin levels can include psychiatric medications (e.g. antidepressants, lithium), migraine medications (e.g. sumatriptan), Parkinson's disease medications (e.g. carbidopa) and dextromethorphan, an over-the counter cough suppressant. Keep out of reach of children. Do not exceed recommended dose. Do not purchase if outer seal is broken or damaged. When using nutritional supplements, please inform your physician if you are undergoing treatment for a medical condition.

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Now's L-Tryptophan 500mg 60Vcaps   The Best Current Available Price ! Find Out Here Product Description: Now Foods L-Tryptophan 500 mg 60 VcapsL-Tryptophan is an essential amino acid important in human nutrition for the synthesis of melatonin and serotonin, hormones regulating mood and synthesis of melatonin and serotonin, hormones regulating mood and stress response. L-Tryptophan helps support relaxation, sleep, positive mood and immune function.* As an essential amino acid, it is not synthesized by the body and must be obtained from the diet. NOW½ L-Tryptophan is pharmaceutically pure every lot is tested to be free of Peak E and microbial contamination. Suggested Usage: As a dietary supplement, take 1-2 Vcaps½ 2 to 3 times daily on an empty stomach or as directed by a health care professional. Best used at bedtime. Consider taking this product in combination with NOW½ Inositol and Magnesium. Other Ingredients: Cellulose (capsule), Cellulose and Stearic Acid (vegetable source). Contains no: sugar, salt, yeast, wheat, gluten, soy, milk, egg, shellfish or preservatives. Vegetarian/Vegan Product.

Now's 5-HTP 50mg 5-Hydroxy-L-Tryptophan 90Caps   The Best Current Available Price ! Find Out Here ...produce 5-HTP. Description : Griffonia simplicifolia is an African plant which is extracted to produce 5-HTP, the intermediate metabolite between the amino acid L-tryptophan and serotonin. Supplement Facts: Serving Size: 1 Capsule. Servings Per Container: 90. Amount Per Serving % Daily Value5-HTP (5-hydroxytryptophan) (Griffonia simplicifolia) (Seed) 50 mg* * Percent Daily Values are based on 2,000 calorie diet. Daily Value not established. Other Ingredients : Rice Flour and Gelatin (capsule). Directions : As a dietary supplement, take 1 capsule daily, preferably on an empty stomach at bedtime. Consider taking this product in combination with NOW® Valerian Root, Relora® and Pantothenic Acid Notes: Contains no: sugar, salt, yeast, wheat, gluten, corn, soy, milk, egg, shellfish or preservatives. Warnings: Do Not Eat Freshness Packet. Keep in Bottle. If you are currently taking antidepressant medications please consult a physician prior to use. May cause drowsiness.

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Tryptophan

Read the complete Article in Wikipedia, March 13, 2010

Metabolism of L-tryptophan into serotonin and melatonin (left) and niacin (right). Transformed functional groups after each chemical reaction are highlighted in red.

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Function

For many organisms (including humans), tryptophan is an essential amino acid. This means that it cannot be synthesized by the organism and therefore must be part of its diet. Amino acids, including tryptophan, act as building blocks in protein biosynthesis. In addition, tryptophan functions as a biochemical precursor for the following compounds (see also figure to the right):

• Serotonin (a neurotransmitter), synthesized via tryptophan hydroxylase. Serotonin, in turn, can be converted to melatonin (aneurohormone), via N-acetyltransferase and 5-hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase activities.
• Niacin is synthesized from tryptophan via kynurenine and quinolinic acids as key biosynthetic intermediates.
• Auxin (a phytohormone) when sieve tube elements undergo apoptosis tryptophan is converted to auxins.

The disorders fructose malabsorption and lactose intolerance causes improper absorption of tryptophan in the intestine, reduced levels of tryptophan in the blood and depression.

In bacteria that synthesize tryptophan, high cellular levels of this amino acid activate a repressor protein, which binds to the trp operon. Binding of this repressor to the tryptophan operon prevents transcription of downstream DNA that codes for the enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of tryptophan. So high levels of tryptophan prevent tryptophan synthesis through a negative feedback loop and, when the cell's tryptophan levels are reduced, transcription from the trp operon resumes. The genetic organisation of the trp operon thus permits tightly regulated and rapid responses to changes in the cell's internal and external tryptophan levels.

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Dietary sources

Tryptophan is a routine constituent of most protein-based foods or dietary proteins. It is particularly plentiful in chocolate, oats, dried dates, milk, yogurt, cottage cheese, red meat, eggs, fish, poultry, sesame,chickpeas, sunflower seeds, pumpkin seeds, spirulina, and peanuts. Despite popular belief to the contrary, the level found in turkey is at a level typical of poultry in general

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Use as a dietary supplement

For some time, tryptophan has been available in health food stores as a dietary supplement. Many people found tryptophan to be a safe and reasonably effective sleep aid, probably due to its ability to increase brain levels of serotonin (a calming neurotransmitter when present in moderate levels) and/or melatonin (a sleep-inducing hormone secreted by the pineal gland in response to darkness or low light levels). Some users of MDMA (street name "ecstasy") will eat tryptophan-containing foods to shorten the 'come down' effect of having lower levels of serotonin than usual (due to an extra large release caused by the drug).

Clinical research has shown mixed results with respect to tryptophan's effectiveness as a sleep aid, especially in normal patients.Furthermore tryptophan has shown some effectiveness for treatment of a variety of other conditions typically associated with low serotonin levels in the brain such as premenstrual dysphoric disorder and seasonal affective disorder. In particular, tryptophan has shown considerable promise as an antidepressant alone and as an "augmenter" of antidepressant drugs. However, the reliability of these clinical trials has been questioned.

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Metabolites

A metabolite of tryptophan,5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), has been suggested as a treatment for epilepsy and depression, although clinical trials are regarded inconclusive and lacking.

Due to the conversion of 5-HTP into serotonin by the liver, there may be a significant risk of heart valve disease from serotonin's effect on the heart. In Europe, 5-HTP is prescribed with carbidopa to prevent the conversion of 5-HTP into serotonin until it reaches the brain.

Since 5-HTP readily crosses the blood-brain barrier and in addition is rapidly decarboxylated to serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT), it may be useful for the treatment of depression. However, serotonin has a relatively short half-life since it is rapidly metabolized by monoamine oxidase, and therefore is likely to have limited efficacy. It is marketed in Europe for depression and other indications under the brand names Cincofarm, Tript-OH and Optimax (UK).

In the United States, 5-HTP does not require a prescription, as it is covered under the Dietary Supplement Act. Since the quality of dietary supplements is now regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration there is now a guarantee that the label accurately depicts what the bottle contains.

As 5-HTP is usually converted to serotonin before it can reach the brain, elevating blood serotonin levels greatly, it may cause diarrhea and heart problems, while only slightly increasing brain serotonin. Therefore, 5-HTP is more effectively used when in conjunction with a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor such as Carbidopa, which slows its conversion to serotonin, allowing more of supplement to reach the brain

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Tryptophan supplements and EMS

Although now available for purchase, there was a large tryptophan-related outbreak of eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome (EMS) in 1989 which caused 1,500 cases of permanent disability including at least thirty-seven deaths. Some epidemiological studies traced the outbreak to L-tryptophan supplied by a Japanese manufacturer, Showa Denko KK. It was further hypothesized that one or more trace impurities produced during the manufacture of tryptophan may have been responsible for the EMS outbreak. The fact that the Showa Denko facility used genetically engineered bacteria to produce L-tryptophan gave rise to speculation that genetic engineering was responsible for such impurities. However, the methodology used in the initial epidemiological studies has been criticized. An alternative explanation for the 1989 EMS outbreak is that large doses of tryptophan produce metabolites which inhibit the normal degradation of histamine and excess histamine in turn has been proposed to cause EMS.

Most tryptophan was banned from sale in the US in 1991, and other countries followed suit. Tryptophan from one manufacturer, of six, continued to be sold for manufacture of baby formulas. At the time of the ban, the FDA did not know, or did not indicate, that EMS was caused by a contaminated batch, and yet, even when the contamination was discovered and the purification process fixed, the FDA maintained that L-tryptophan was unsafe. In February 2001, the FDA loosened the restrictions on marketing (though not on importation), but still expressed the following concern:

"Based on the scientific evidence that is available at the present time, we cannot determine with certainty that the occurrence of EMS in susceptible persons consuming L-tryptophan supplements derives from the content of L-tryptophan, an impurity contained in the L-tryptophan, or a combination of the two in association with other, as yet unknown, external factors."

Since 2002, L-tryptophan has been sold in the U.S. in its original form. Several high-quality sources of L-tryptophan do exist, and are sold in many of the largest health food stores nationwide. Indeed, tryptophan has continued to be used in clinical and experimental studies employing human patients and subjects.

In recent years in the U.S., compounding pharmacies and some mail-order supplement retailers have begun selling tryptophan to the general public. Tryptophan has also remained on the market as a prescription drug (Tryptan), which some psychiatrists continue to prescribe, particularly as an augmenting agent for people who are unresponsive to antidepressant drugs.

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Turkey meat and drowsiness

One belief is that heavy consumption of turkey meat (as for example in a Thanksgiving or Christmas feast) results in drowsiness, which has been attributed to high levels of tryptophan contained in turkey.While turkey does contain high levels of tryptophan, the amount is comparable to that contained in most other meats. Furthermore, post-meal Thanksgiving drowsiness may have more to do with what else is consumed along with the turkey, in particular carbohydrates and alcohol.

It has been demonstrated in both animal models and in humans that ingestion of a meal rich in carbohydrates triggers release ofinsulin. Insulin in turn stimulates the uptake of large neutral branched-chain amino acids (LNAA) but not tryptophan (trp) into muscle, increasing the ratio of trp to LNAA in the blood stream. The resulting increased ratio of tryptophan to large neutral amino acids in the blood reduces competition at the large neutral amino acid transporter resulting in the uptake of tryptophan across the blood-brain barrier into the central nervous system (CNS). 

Once inside the CNS, tryptophan is converted into serotonin in the raphe nuclei by the normal enzymatic pathway. The resultant serotonin is further metabolised into melatonin by the pineal gland. Hence, these data suggest that "feast-induced drowsiness," and in particular, the common post-Christmas and North American post-Thanksgiving dinner drowsiness, may be the result of a heavy meal rich in carbohydrates which, via an indirect mechanism, increases the production of sleep-promoting melatonin in the brain.

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L-Tryptophan
IUPAC Name Tryptophan or (2S)-2-amino-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid
other names 2-Amino-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid
Identifiers
CAS number	73-22-3
PubChem	6305
ATC code	N06AX02
SMILES	N[C@@H](Cc1c2ccccc2n ([H])c1)C(O)=O
Properties
Molecular formula	C11H12N2O2
Molar mass	204.23 g mol−1
Solubility  in water	Soluble: 0.23 g/L at 0 °C, 11.4 g/L at 25 °C, 17.1 g/L at 50 °C, 27.95 g/L at 75 °C
Solubility	Soluble in hot alcohol, alkali hydroxides; insoluble in chloroform.
Supplementary data page
Structure and properties	n, εr, etc.
Thermodynamic data	Phase behaviour Solid, liquid, gas
Spectral data	UV, IR, NMR, MS
Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa)

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Read the complete Article in Wikipedia June 24 2011

** Tryptophan. (2011, June 8). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia.

Retrieved 20:14, June 24, 2011, from

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=

Tryptophan&oldid=433128907

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